*change.txt*    For Vim version 6.0as.  Last change: 2001 Aug 19


		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar


This file describes commands that delete or change text.  In this context,
changing text means deleting the text and replacing it with other text using
one command.  You can undo all of these commands.  You can repeat the non-Ex
commands with the "." command.

1. Deleting text		|deleting|
2. Delete and insert		|delete-insert|
3. Simple changes		|simple-change|		*changing*
4. Complex changes		|complex-change|
5. Copying and moving text	|copy-move|
6. Formatting text		|formatting|

For inserting text see |insert.txt|.

==============================================================================
1. Deleting text					*deleting*

["x]<Del>	or					*<Del>* *x* *dl*
["x]x			Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor
			[into register x] (not linewise).  Does the same as
			"dl".
			The <Del> key does not take a [count].  Instead, it
			deletes the last character of the count.
			See |:fixdel| if the <Del> key does not do what you
			want.  See |'whichwrap'| for deleting a line break
			(join lines).  {Vi does not support <Del>}

							*X* *dh*
["x]X			Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into
			register x] (not linewise).  Does the same as "dh".
			Also see |'whichwrap'|.

							*d*
["x]d{motion}		Delete text that {motion} moves over [into register
			x].  See below for exceptions.

							*dd*
["x]dd			Delete [count] lines [into register x] (linewise).

							*D*
["x]D			Delete the characters under the cursor until the end
			of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register
			x]; synonym for d$ (not linewise).

{Visual}["x]x	or					*v_x* *v_d* *v_<Del>*
{Visual}["x]d   or
{Visual}["x]<Del>	Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

{Visual}["x]CTRL-H   or					*v_CTRL-H* *v_<BS>*
{Visual}["x]<BS>	When in Select mode: Delete the highlighted text [into
			register x].

{Visual}["x]X	or					*v_X* *v_D* *v_b_D*
{Visual}["x]D		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  In Visual block mode,
			"D" deletes the highlighted text plus all text until
			the end of the line.  {not in Vi}

						*:d* *:de* *:del* *:delete*
:[range]d[elete] [x]	Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into
			register x].

:[range]d[elete] [x] {count}
			Delete {count} lines, starting with [range]
			(default: current line |cmdline-ranges|) [into
			register x].

These commands delete text.  You can repeat them with the "." command
(except ":d") and undo them.  Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text.  See
|registers| for an explanation of registers.

An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the
start and end of the motion are not in the same line, and there are only
blanks before the start and after the end of the motion, the delete becomes
linewise.  This means that the delete also removes the line of blanks that you
might expect to remain.

Trying to delete an empty region of text (e.g., "d0" in the first column)
is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag.

							*J*
J			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
			Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces (see
			below).

							*v_J*
{Visual}J		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
			lines.  Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces
			(see below).  {not in Vi}

							*gJ*
gJ			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
			Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in Vi}

							*v_gJ*
{Visual}gJ		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
			lines.  Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in
			Vi}

							*:j* *:join*
:[range]j[oin][!]	Join [range] lines.  Same as "J", except with [!]
			the join does not insert or delete any spaces.
			If a [range] has equal start and end values, this
			command does nothing.  The default behavior is to
			join the current line with the line below it.
			{not in Vi: !}

:[range]j[oin][!] {count}
			Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default:
			current line |cmdline-ranges|).  Same as "J", except
			with [!] the join does not insert or delete any
			spaces.
			{not in Vi: !}

These commands delete the <EOL> between lines.  This has the effect of joining
multiple lines into one line.  You can repeat these commands (except ":j") and
undo them.

These commands, except "gJ", insert one space in place of the <EOL> unless
there is trailing white space or the next line starts with a ')'.  These
commands, except "gJ", delete any leading white space on the next line.  If
the 'joinspaces' option is on, these commands insert two spaces after a '.',
'!' or '?' (but if 'cpoptions' includes the 'j' flag, they insert two spaces
only after a '.').


==============================================================================
2. Delete and insert				*delete-insert* *replacing*

							*R*
R			Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces
			an existing character, starting with the character
			under the cursor.  Repeat the entered text [count]-1
			times.  See |Replace-mode| for more details.

							*gR*
gR			Enter Virtual replace mode: Each character you type
			replaces existing characters in screen space.  So a
			<Tab> may replace several characters at once.
			Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times.  See
			|Virtual-replace-mode| for more details.
			{not available when compiled without the +vreplace
			feature}

							*c*
["x]c{motion}		Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start
			insert.  When  'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag and
			there is no text to delete (e.g., with "cTx" when the
			cursor is just after an 'x'), an error occurs and
			insert mode does not start (this is Vi compatible).
			When  'cpoptions' does not include the 'E' flag, the
			"c" command always starts insert mode, even if there
			is no text to delete.

							*cc*
["x]cc			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
			insert (linewise).  If 'autoindent' is on, preserve
			the indent of the first line.

							*C*
["x]C			Delete from the cursor position to the end of the
			line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and
			start insert.  Synonym for c$ (not linewise).

							*s*
["x]s			Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start
			insert (s stands for Substitute).  Synonym for "cl"
			(not linewise).

							*S*
["x]S			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
			insert.  Synonym for "cc" (linewise).

{Visual}["x]c	or					*v_c* *v_s*
{Visual}["x]s		Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and
			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
			in Vi}

							*v_r*
{Visual}["x]r{char}	Replace all selected characters by {char}.

							*v_C*
{Visual}["x]C		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
			start insert.  In Visual block mode it works
			differently |v_b_C|.  {not in Vi}
							*v_S*
{Visual}["x]S		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
			in Vi}
							*v_R* 
{Visual}["x]R		Currently just like {Visual}["x]S.  In a next version
			it might work differently. {not in Vi}

Notes:
- You can end Insert and Replace mode with <Esc>.
- See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl| for the other
  special characters in these modes.
- The effect of [count] takes place after Vim exits Insert or Replace mode.
- When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$' and the change is within one line,
  Vim continues to show the text to be deleted and puts a '$' at the last
  deleted character.

See |registers| for an explanation of registers.

Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that every character you enter
deletes one character.  If you reach the end of a line, Vim appends any
further characters (just like Insert mode).  In Replace mode, the backspace
key restores the original text (if there was any).  (See section "Insert and
Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl|).

						*cw* *cW*
Special case: "cw" and "cW" work the same as "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is
on a non-blank.  This is because Vim interprets "cw" as change-word, and a
word does not include the following white space.  {Vi: "cw" when on a blank
followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a
bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks; use the 'w' flag in 'cpoptions' to
make it work like Vi anyway}

If you prefer "cw" to include the space after a word, use this mapping: >
	:map cw dwi
<
							*:c* *:ch* *:change*
:{range}c[hange]	Replace lines of text with some different text.
			Type a line containing only "." to stop replacing.
			Without {range}, this command changes only the current
			line.

==============================================================================
3. Simple changes					*simple-change*

							*r*
r{char}			Replace the character under the cursor with {char}.
			If {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, a line break replaces the
			character.  To replace with a real <CR>, use CTRL-V
			<CR>.  CTRL-V <NL> replaces with a <Nul>.
			{Vi: CTRL-V <CR> still replaces with a line break,
			cannot replace something with a <CR>}
			If you give a [count], Vim replaces [count] characters
			with [count] {char}s.  When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>,
			however, Vim inserts only one <CR>: "5r<CR>" replaces
			five characters with a single line break.
			When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, Vim performs
			autoindenting.  This works just like deleting the
			characters that are replaced and then doing
			"i<CR><Esc>".
			{char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|.
			|:lmap| mappings apply to {char}.  The CTRL-^ command
			in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off
			|i_CTRL-^|.  See |utf-8-char-arg| about using
			composing characters when 'encoding' is Unicode.

							*gr*
gr{char}		Replace the virtual characters under the cursor with
			{char}.  This replaces in screen space, not file
			space.  See |gR| and |Virtual-replace-mode| for more
			details.  As with |r| a count may be given.
			{char} can be entered like with |r|.
			{not available when compiled without the +vreplace
			feature}

						*digraph-arg*
The argument for Normal mode commands like |r| and |t| is a single character.
When 'cpo' doesn't contain the 'D' flag, this character can also be entered
like |digraphs|.  First type CTRL-K and then the two digraph characters.
{not available when compiled without the |+digraphs| feature}

						*case*
The following commands change the case of letters.  The currently active
|locale| is used.  See |:language|.  The LC_CTYPE value matters here.

							*~*
~			'notildeop' option: Switch case of the character
			under the cursor and move the cursor to the right.
			If a [count] is given, do that many characters. {Vi:
			no count}

~{motion}		'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text. {Vi:
			tilde cannot be used as an operator}

							*g~*
g~{motion}		Switch case of {motion} text. {not in Vi}

g~g~							*g~g~* *g~~*
g~~			Switch case of current line. {not in Vi}.

							*v_~*
{Visual}~		Switch case of highlighted text (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

							*v_U*
{Visual}U		Make highlighted text uppercase (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

							*gU* *uppercase*
gU{motion}		Make {motion} text uppercase. {not in Vi}
			Example: >
				:map! <C-F> <Esc>gUiw`]a
<			This works in Insert mode: press CTRL-F to make the
			word before the cursor uppercase.  Handy to type
			words in lowercase and then make them uppercase.


gUgU							*gUgU* *gUU*
gUU			Make current line uppercase. {not in Vi}.

							*v_u*
{Visual}u		Make highlighted text lowercase (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

							*gu* *lowercase*
gu{motion}		Make {motion} text lowercase. {not in Vi}

gugu							*gugu* *guu*
guu			Make current line lowercase. {not in Vi}.

							*g?* *rot13*
g?{motion}		Rot13 encode {motion} text. {not in Vi}

							*v_g?*
{Visual}g?		Rot13 encode the highlighted text (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

g?g?							*g?g?* *g??*
g??			Rot13 encode current line. {not in Vi}.


Adding and subtracting ~
							*CTRL-A*
CTRL-A			Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character at
			or after the cursor.  {not in Vi}

							*CTRL-X*
CTRL-X			Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
			character at or after the cursor.  {not in Vi}

The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands work for (signed) decimal numbers, unsigned
octal and hexadecimal numbers and alphabetic characters.  This depends on the
'nrformats' option.
- When 'nrformats' includes "alpha", Vim will change the alphabetic character
  under or after the cursor.  This is useful to make lists with an alphabetic
  index.
- When 'nrformats' includes "hex", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0x' or
  '0X' are hexadecimal.  The case of the rightmost letter in the number
  determines the case of the resulting hexadecimal number.  If there is no
  letter in the current number, Vim uses the previously detected case.
- When 'nrformats' includes "octal", Vim considers numbers starting with a '0'
  to be octal.  Other numbers are decimal and may have a preceding minus sign.
  If the cursor is on a number, the commands apply to that number; otherwise
  Vim uses the number to the right of the cursor.

For numbers with leading zeros (including all octal and hexadecimal numbers),
Vim preserves the number of characters in the number when possible.  CTRL-A on
"0077" results in "0100", CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0x0ff".  Note that
when 'nrformats' includes "octal", decimal numbers with leading zeros are
impossible because they are indistinguishable from octal numbers.

The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro.  Example: Use the following
steps to make a numbered list.

1. Create the first list entry, make sure it starts with a number.
2. qa	     - start recording into buffer 'a'
3. Y	     - yank the entry
4. p	     - put a copy of the entry below the first one
5. CTRL-A    - increment the number
6. q	     - stop recording
7. <count>@a - repeat the yank, put and increment <count> times


SHIFTING LINES LEFT OR RIGHT				*shift-left-right*

							*<*
<{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

							*<<*
<<			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

							*v_<*
{Visual}[count]<	Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
			leftwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in
			Vi}

							*>*
 >{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.

							*>>*
 >>			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.

							*v_>*
{Visual}[count]>	Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
			rightwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in
			Vi}

							*:<*
:[range]<		Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' left.  Repeat '<'
			for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

:[range]< {count}	Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' left, starting
			with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
			Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

:[range]le[ft] [indent]	left align lines in [range].  Sets the indent in the
			lines to [indent] (default 0).  {not in Vi}

							*:>*
:[range]>		Shift {count} [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' right.
			Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

:[range]> {count}	Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' right, starting
			with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
			Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

The ">" and "<" commands are handy for changing the indentation within
programs.  Use the 'shiftwidth' option to set the size of the white space
which these commands insert or delete.  Normally the 'shiftwidth' option is 8,
but you can set it to, say, 3 to make smaller indents.  The shift leftwards
stops when there is no indent.  The shift right does not affect empty lines.

If the 'shiftround' option is on, the indent is rounded to a multiple of
'shiftwidth'.

If the 'smartindent' option is on, or 'cindent' is on and 'cinkeys' contains
'#', shift right does not affect lines starting with '#' (these are supposed
to be C preprocessor lines that must stay in column 1).

When the 'expandtab' option is off (this is the default) Vim uses <Tab>s as
much as possible to make the indent.  You can use ">><<" to replace an indent
made out of spaces with the same indent made out of <Tab>s (and a few spaces
if necessary).  If the 'expandtab' option is on, Vim uses only spaces.  Then
you can use ">><<" to replace <Tab>s in the indent by spaces (or use
":retab!").

To move a line several 'shiftwidth's, use Visual mode or the ":" commands.
For example: >
	Vjj4>		move three lines 4 indents to the right
	:<<<		move current line 3 indents to the left
	:>> 5		move 5 lines 2 indents to the right
	:5>>		move line 5 2 indents to the right

==============================================================================
4. Complex changes					*complex-change*

							*!* *filter*
!{motion}{filter}	Filter {motion} text through the external program
			{filter}.

							*!!*
!!{filter}		Filter [count] lines through the external program
			{filter}.

							*v_!*
{Visual}!{filter}	Filter the highlighted lines through the external
			program {filter} (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
			{not in Vi}

:{range}![!]{filter} [!][arg]				*:range!*
			Filter {range} lines through the external program
			{filter}.  Vim replaces the optional bangs with the
			latest given command and appends the optional [arg].
			Vim saves the output of the filter command in a
			temporary file and then reads the file into the
			buffer.  Vim uses the 'shellredir' option to redirect
			the filter output to the temporary file.

							*=*
={motion}		Filter {motion} lines through the external program
			given with the 'equalprg' option.  When the 'equalprg'
			option is empty (this is the default), use the
			internal formatting function |C-indenting|.  But when
			'indentexpr' is not empty, it will be used instead
			|indent-expression|.

							*==*
==			Filter [count] lines like with ={motion}.

							*v_=*
{Visual}=		Filter the highlighted lines like with ={motion}.
			{not in Vi}

A filter is a program that accepts text at standard input, changes it in some
way, and sends it to standard output.  You can use the commands above to send
some text through a filter.  Examples of filters are "sort", which sorts lines
alphabetically, and "indent", which formats C program files (you need a
version of indent that works like a filter; not all versions do).  The 'shell'
option specifies the shell Vim uses to execute the filter command (See also
the 'shelltype' option).  You can repeat filter commands with ".".  Vim does
not recognize a comment (starting with '"') after the ":!" command.


						*:s* *:su* *:substitute*
:[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[&][c][e][g][p][r][i][I] [count]
			For each line in [range] replace a match of {pattern}
			with {string}.
			{string} can be a literal string, or something
			special; see |sub-replace-special|.
			When [range] and [count] are omitted, replace in the
			current line only.
			When [count] is given, replace in [count] lines,
			starting with the last line in [range].  When [range]
			is omitted start in the current line.
			Also see |cmdline-ranges|.
			See |:s_flags| for the flags.

:[range]s[ubstitute] [c][e][g][p][r][i][I] [count]
:[range]&[&][c][e][g][p][r][i][I] [count]			*:&*
			Repeat last :substitute with same search pattern and
			substitute string, but without the same flags.  You
			may add extra flags (see |:s_flags|).
			Note that after ":substitute" the '&' flag can't be
			used, it's recognized as a pattern separator.
			The space betwen ":substitute" and the 'c', 'g' and
			'r' flags isn't required, but in scripts it's a good
			idea to keep it to avoid confusion.

:[range]~[&][c][e][g][p][r][i][I] [count]			*:~*
			Repeat last substitute with same substitute string
			but with last used search pattern.  This is like
			":&r".  See |:s_flags| for the flags.

						*&*
&			Synonym for ":s//~/" (repeat last substitute).  Note
			that the flags are not remembered, thus it might
			actually work differently.  You can use ":&&" to keep
			the flags.

						*g&*
g&			Synonym for ":%s//~/&" (repeat last substitute on all
			lines with the same flags).
			Mnemonic: global substitute. {not in Vi}

						*:snomagic*
:[range]sno[magic] ...	Same as ":substitute", but always use 'nomagic'.
			{not in Vi}

						*:smagic*
:[range]sm[agic] ...	Same as ":substitute", but always use 'magic'.
			{not in Vi}

							*:s_flags*
The flags that you can use for the substitute commands:

[&]	Must be the first one: Keep the flags from the previous substitute
	command.  Examples: >
		:&&
		:s/this/that/&
<	Note that ":s" and ":&" don't keep the flags.
	{not in Vi}

[c]	Confirm each substitution.  Vim highlighs the matching string (with
	|hl-IncSearch|).  You can type:				*:s_c*
	    'y'	    to substitute this match
	    'l'	    to substitute this match and then quit ("last")
	    'n'	    to skip this match
	    <Esc>   to quit substituting
	    'a'	    to substitute this and all remaining matches {not in Vi}
	    'q'	    to quit substituting {not in Vi}
	    CTRL-E  to scroll the screen up {not in Vi, not available when
			compiled without the +insert_expand feature}
	    CTRL-Y  to scroll the screen down {not in Vi, not available when
			compiled without the +insert_expand feature}
	If the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers the [c] flag and
	toggles it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new
	search pattern.
	{not in Vi: highlighting of the match, other responses than 'y' or 'n'}

[e]     When the search pattern fails, do not issue an error message and, in
	particular, continue in maps as if no error occurred.  This is most
	useful to prevent the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.  Vim
	does not suppress the following error messages, however:
		Regular expressions can't be delimited by letters
		\ should be followed by /, ? or &
		No previous substitute regular expression
		Trailing characters
		Interrupted
	{not in Vi}

[g]	Replace all occurrences in the line.  Without this argument,
	replacement occurs only for the first occurrence in each line.  If
	the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers this flag and toggles
	it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new search
	pattern.  If the 'gdefault' option is on, this flag is on by default
	and the [g] argument switches it off.

[i]	Ignore case for the pattern.  The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' options
	are not used.
	{not in Vi}

[I]	Don't ignore case for the pattern.  The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase'
	options are not used.
	{not in Vi}

[p]	Print the line containing the last substitute.
	{not in Vi}

[r]	Only useful in combination with ":&" or ":s" without arguments.  ":&r"
	works the same way as ":~":  When the search pattern is empty, use the
	previously used search pattern instead of the search pattern from the
	last substitute or ":global".  If the last command that did a search
	was a substitute or ":global", there is no effect.  If the last
	command was a search command such as "/", use the pattern from that
	command.
	For ":s" with an argument this already happens: >
		:s/blue/red/
		/green
		:s//red/   or  :~   or  :&r
<	The last commands will replace "green" with "red". >
		:s/blue/red/
		/green
		:&
<	The last command will replace "blue" with "red".
	{not in Vi}

Note that there is no flag to change the "magicness" of the pattern.  A
different command is used instead.  The reason is that the flags can only be
found by skipping the pattern, and in order to skip the pattern the
"magicness" must be known.  Catch 22!

If the {pattern} for the substitute command is empty, the command uses the
pattern from the last substitute or ":global" command.  With the [r] flag, the
command uses the pattern from the last substitute, ":global", or search
command.

For compatibility with Vi these two exceptions are allowed:
"\/{string}/" and "\?{string}?" do the same as "//{string}/r".
"\&{string}&" does the same as "//{string}/".
							*E146*
Instead of the '/' which surrounds the pattern and replacement string, you
can use any other character, but not an alphanumeric character, '\', '"' or
'|'.  This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search pattern or
replacement string.  Example: >
	:s+/+//+

For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|.

						*sub-replace-special*
When the {string} starts with "\=" it is evaluated as an expression.  The
special meaning for characters as mentioned below does not apply then.
The whole matched text can be accessed with "submatch(0)".  The text matched
with the first pair of () with "submatch(1)".  Likewise for further
sub-matches in ().
Be careful: The separation character must not appear in the expression!
Consider using a character like "@" or "|".
Example: >
	:s@\n@\="\r" . expand("$HOME") . "\r"@
This replaces an end-of-line with a new line containing the value of $HOME.

Some characters in {string} have a special meaning:

magic	nomagic	  action    ~
  &	  \&	  replaced with the whole matched pattern
 \&	   &	  replaced with &
      \0	  replaced with the whole matched pattern  *\0*
      \1	  replaced with the matched pattern in the first pair of ()
      \2	  replaced with the matched pattern in the second pair of ()
      ..	  ..
      \9	  replaced with the matched pattern in the ninth pair of ()
  ~	  \~	  replaced with the {string} of the previous substitute
 \~	   ~	  replaced with ~ 
      \u	  next character made uppercase
      \U	  following characters made uppercase
      \l	  next character made lowercase
      \L	  following characters made lowercase
      \e	  end of \u, \U, \l and \L (NOTE: not <Esc>!)
      \E	  end of \u, \U, \l and \L
      <CR>	  split line in two at this point
      \r	  idem
      \<CR>	  insert a carriage-return (CTRL-M)
      \n	  insert a <NL> (<NUL> in the file) (does NOT break the line)
      \b	  insert a <BS>
      \t	  insert a <Tab>
      \\	  insert a single backslash
      \x	  where x is any character not mentioned above: Reserved for
		  future expansion

Examples: >
  :s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g		 modifies "a b"	     to "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx"
  :s/\([abc]\)\([efg]\)/\2\1/g	 modifies "af fa bg" to "fa fa gb"
  :s/abcde/abc^Mde/		 modifies "abcde"    to "abc", "de" (two lines)
  :s/$/\^M/			 modifies "abcde"    to "abcde^M"

Note: In previous versions CTRL-V was handled in a special way.  Since this is
not Vi compatible, this was removed.  Use a backslash instead.

command		text	result ~
:s/aa/a^Ma/	aa	a<line-break>a
:s/aa/a\^Ma/	aa	a^Ma
:s/aa/a\\^Ma/	aa	a\<line-break>a

(you need to type CTRL-V <CR> to get a ^M here)

The numbering of "\1", "\2" etc. is done based on which "\(" comes first in
the pattern (going left to right).  When a parentheses group matches several
times, the last one will be used for "\1", "\2", etc.  Example: >
  :s/\(\(a[a-d] \)*\)/\2/      modifies "aa ab x" to "ab x"

When using parentheses in combination with '|', like in \([ab]\)\|\([cd]\),
either the first or second pattern in parentheses did not match, so either
\1 or \2 is empty.  Example: >
  :s/\([ab]\)\|\([cd]\)/\1x/g   modifies "a b c d"  to "ax bx x x"
<
						*:pro* *:promptfind*
:promptf[ind] [string]
			Win32 GUI only: Put up a Search dialog.  When [string]
			is given, it is used as the initial search string.

						*:promptr* *:promptrepl*
:promptr[epl] [string]
			Win32 GUI only: Put up a Search/Replace dialog.  When
			[string] is given, it is used as the initial search
			string.

							*:ret* *:retab*
:[range]ret[ab][!] [new_tabstop]
			Replace all sequences of white-space containing a
			<Tab> with new strings of white-space using the new
			tabstop value given.  If you do not specify a new
			tabstop size, Vim uses the current value of 'tabstop'.
			The current value of 'tabstop' is always used to
			compute the width of existing tabs.
			With !, Vim also replaces strings of only normal
			spaces with tabs where appropriate.
			With 'expandtab' on, Vim replaces all tabs with the
			appropriate number of spaces.
			This command sets 'tabstop' to the new value given,
			and if performed on the whole file, which is default,
			should not make any visible change.
			Careful: This command modifies any <Tab> characters
			inside of strings in a C program.  Use "\t" to avoid
			this (that's a good habit anyway).
			":retab!" may also change a sequence of spaces by
			<Tab> characters, which can mess up a printf().
			{not in Vi}
			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
			compile time.

							*retab-example*
Example for using autocommands and ":retab" to edit a file which is stored
with tabstops at 8 but edited with tabstops set at 4.  Warning: white space
inside of strings can change!  Also see 'softtabstop' option. >

  :auto BufReadPost	*.xx	retab! 4
  :auto BufWritePre	*.xx	retab! 8
  :auto BufWritePost	*.xx	retab! 4
  :auto BufNewFile	*.xx	set ts=4

==============================================================================
5. Copying and moving text				*copy-move*

							*quote*
"{a-zA-Z0-9.%#:-"}	Use register {a-zA-Z0-9.%#:-"} for next delete, yank
			or put (use uppercase character to append with
			delete and yank) ({.%#:} only work with put).

							*:reg* *:registers*
:reg[isters]		Display the contents of all numbered and named
			registers.  {not in Vi}

:reg[isters] {arg}	Display the contents of the numbered and named
			registers that are mentioned in {arg}.  For example: >
				:dis 1a
<			to display registers '1' and 'a'.  Spaces are allowed
			in {arg}.  {not in Vi}

							*:di* *:display*
:di[splay] [arg]	Same as :registers.  {not in Vi}

							*y* *yank*
["x]y{motion}		Yank {motion} text [into register x].  When no
			characters are to be yanked (e.g., "y0" in column 1),
			this is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E'
			flag.

							*yy*
["x]yy			Yank [count] lines [into register x] (linewise).

							*Y*
["x]Y			yank [count] lines [into register x] (synonym for
			yy, linewise).  If you like "Y" to work from the
			cursor to the end of line (which is more logical,
			but not Vi-compatible) use ":map Y y$".

							*v_y*
{Visual}["x]y		Yank the highlighted text [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

							*v_Y*
{Visual}["x]Y		Yank the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

							*:y* *:yank*
:[range]y[ank] [x]	Yank [range] lines [into register x].

:[range]y[ank] [x] {count}
			Yank {count} lines, starting with last line number
			in [range] (default: current line |cmdline-ranges|),
			[into register x].

							*p* *put* *E353*
["x]p			Put the text [from register x] after the cursor
			[count] times.  {Vi: no count}

							*P*
["x]P			Put the text [from register x] before the cursor
			[count] times.  {Vi: no count}

							*<MiddleMouse>*
["x]<MiddleMouse>	Put the text from a register before the cursor [count]
			times.  Uses the "* register, unless another is
			specified.  Using the mouse only works when 'mouse'
			contains 'n' or 'a'.
			{not in Vi}

							*gp*
["x]gp			Just like "p", but leave the cursor just after the new
			text.  {not in Vi}

							*gP*
["x]gP			Just like "P", but leave the cursor just after the new
			text.  {not in Vi}

							*:pu* *:put*
:[line]pu[t] [x]	Put the text [from register x] after [line] (default
			current line).  The register can also be '=' followed
			by an optional expression.  The expression continues
			until the end of the command.  You need to escape the
			'|' and '"' characters to prevent them from
			terminating the command.  Example: >
				:put ='path' . \",/test\"
<			If there is no expression after '=', Vim uses the
			previous expression.  You can see it with ":dis =".

:[line]pu[t]! [x]	Put the text [from register x] before [line] (default
			current line).

["x]]p		    or					*]p* *]<MiddleMouse>*
["x]]<MiddleMouse>	Like "p", but adjust the indent to the current line.
			Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
			or 'a'.  {not in Vi}

["x][P		    or					*[P*
["x]]P		    or					*]P*
["x][p		    or					*[p* *[<MiddleMouse>*
["x][<MiddleMouse>	Like "P", but adjust the indent to the current line.
			Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
			or 'a'.  {not in Vi}

You can use these commands to copy text from one place to another.  Do this
by first getting the text into a register with a yank, delete or change
command, then inserting the register contents with a put command.  You can
also use these commands to move text from one file to another, because Vim
preserves all registers when changing buffers (the CTRL-^ command is a quick
way to toggle between two files).

				*linewise-register* *characterwise-register*
You can repeat the put commands with "." (except for :put) and undo them.  If
the command that was used to get the text into the register was linewise, Vim
inserts the text below ("p") or above ("P") the line where the cursor is.
Otherwise Vim inserts the text after ("p") or before ("P") the cursor.  With
the ":put" command, Vim always inserts the text in the next line.  You can
exchange two characters with the command sequence "xp".  You can exchange two
lines with the command sequence "ddp".  You can exchange two words with the
command sequence "deep" (start with the cursor in the blank space before the
first word).  You can use the "']" or "`]" command after the put command to
move the cursor to the end of the inserted text, or use "'[" or "`[" to move
the cursor to the start.

						*put-Visual-mode* *v_p* *v_P*
When using a put command like |p| or |P| in Visual mode, Vim will try to
replace the selected text with the contents of the register.  Whether this
works well depends on the type of selection and the type of the text in the
register.  With blockwise selection it also depends on the size of the block
and whether the corners are on an existing character. (implementation detail:
it actually works by first putting the register after the selection and then
deleting the selection).

							*blockwise-register*
If you use a blockwise Visual mode command to get the text into the register,
the block of text will be inserted before ("P") or after ("p") the cursor
column in the current and next lines.  Vim makes the whole block of text start
in the same column.  Thus the inserted text looks the same as when it was
yanked or deleted.  Vim may replace some <Tab> characters with spaces to make
this happen.  However, if the width of the block is not a multiple of a <Tab>
width and the text after the inserted block contains <Tab>s, that text may be
misaligned.

Note that after a yank command, Vim leaves the cursor on the first yanked
character that is closest to the start of the buffer.  This means that "yl"
doesn't move the cursor, but "yh" moves the cursor one character left.
Rationale:	In Vi the "y" command followed by a backwards motion would
		sometimes not move the cursor to the first yanked character,
		because redisplaying was skipped.  In Vim it always moves to
		the first character, as specified by Posix.

There are nine types of registers:			*registers* *E354*
1. The unnamed register ""
2. 10 numbered registers "0 to "9
3. The small delete register "-
4. 26 named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z
5. four read-only registers ":, "., "% and "#
6. the expression register "=
7. The selection registers "* and "+
8. The black hole register "_
9. Last search pattern register "/

1. Unnamed register ""				*quote_quote* *quotequote*
Vim fills this register with text deleted with the "d", "c", "s", "x" commands
or copied with the yank "y" command, regardless of whether or not a specific
register was used (e.g.  "xdd).  An exception is the '_' register: "_dd does
not store the deleted text in any register.  Vim uses the contents of this
register for any put command (p or P) which does not specify a register.
Additionally you can access it with the name '"'.  This means you have to type
two double quotes.  Writing to the "" register writes to register "0.
{Vi: register contents are lost when changing files, no '"'}

2. Numbered registers "0 to "9		*quote_number* *quote0*	*quote1*
					*quote2* *quote3* *quote4* *quote9*
Vim fills these registers with text from yank and delete commands.
   Numbered register 0 contains the text from the most recent yank command,
unless the command specified another register with ["x].
   Numbered register 1 contains the text deleted by the most recent delete or
change command, unless the command specified another register or the text is
less than one line (the small delete register is used then).  An exception is
made for these commands: |%|, |(|, |)|, |`|, |/|, |?|, |n|, |N|, |{| and |}|.
Register "1 is always used then (this is Vi compatible).  The "- register is
used as well if the delete is within a line.
   With each successive deletion or change, Vim shifts the previous contents
of register 1 into register 2, 2 into 3, and so forth, losing the previous
contents of register 9.
{Vi: numbered register contents are lost when changing files; register 0 does
not exist}

3. Small delete register "-				*quote_-* *quote-*
This register contains text from commands that delete less than one line,
except when the command specifies a register with ["x].
{not in Vi}

4. Named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z			*quote_alpha* *quotea*
Vim fills these registers only when you say so.  Specify them as lowercase
letters to replace their previous contents or as uppercase letters to append
to their previous contents.

5. Read-only registers ":, "., "% and "#
These are '%', '#', ':' and '.'.  You can use them only with the "p", "P",
and ":put" commands and with CTRL-R.  {not in Vi}
						*quote_.* *quote.* *E29*
	".	Contains the last inserted text (the same as what is inserted
		with the insert mode commands CTRL-A and CTRL-@).  Note: this
		doesn't work with CTRL-R on the command-line.  It works a bit
		differently, like inserting the text instead of putting it
		('textwidth' and other options affect what is inserted).
							*quote_%* *quote%*
	"%	Contains the name of the current file.
							*quote_#* *quote#*
	"#	Contains the name of the alternate file.
						*quote_:* *quote:* *E30*
	":	Contains the most recent executed command-line.  Example: Use
		"@:" to repeat the previous command-line command.
		The command-line is only stored in this register when at least
		one character of it was typed.  Thus it remains unchanged if
		the command was completely from a mapping.
		{not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist|
		feature}

6. Expression register "=				*quote_=* *quote=*
This is not really a register that stores text, but is a way to use an
expression in commands which use a register.  The expression register is
read-only; you cannot put text into it.  After the '=', the cursor moves to
the command-line, where you can enter any expression (see |expression|).  All
normal command-line editing commands are available, including a special
history for expressions.  When you end the command-line by typing <CR>, Vim
computes the result of the expression.  If you end it with <Esc>, Vim abandons
the expression.  If you do not enter an expression, Vim uses the previous
expression (like with the "/" command).  If the "= register is used for the
"p" command, the string is split up at <NL> characters.  If the string ends in
a <NL>, it is regarded as a linewise register.  {not in Vi}

7. Selection registers "* and "+
Use these register for storing and retrieving the selected text for the GUI.
See |quotestar| and |quoteplus|.  When the clipboard is not available or not
working, the unnamed register is used instead.  {not in Vi}

Note that there is only a distinction between "* and "+ for X11 systems.  For
an explanation of the difference, see |x11-selection|.  Under MS-Windows, use
of "* and "+ is actually synonymous and refers to the |gui-clipboard|.

8. Black hole register "_				*quote_*
When writing to this register, nothing happens.  This can be used to delete
text without affecting the normal registers.  When reading from this register,
nothing is returned.  {not in Vi}

9. Last search pattern register	"/			*quote_/* *quote/*
Contains the most recent search-pattern.  This is used for "n" and 'hlsearch'.
It is writable with ":let", you can change it to have 'hlsearch' highlight
other matches without actually searching.  You can't yank or delete into this
register.  {not in Vi}

							*@/*
You can write to a register with a ":let" command |:let-@|.  Example: >
	:let @/ = "the"

If you use a put command without specifying a register, Vim uses the register
that was last filled (this is also the contents of the unnamed register).  If
you are confused, use the ":dis" command to find out what Vim will put (this
command displays all named and numbered registers; the unnamed register is
labelled '"').

The next three commands always work on whole lines.

:[range]co[py] {address}				*:co* *:copy*
			Copy the lines given by [range] to below the line
			given by {address}.

							*:t*
:t			Synonym for copy.

:[range]m[ove] {address}			*:m* *:mo* *:move* *E134*
			Move the lines given by [range] to below the line
			given by {address}.

==============================================================================
6. Formatting text					*formatting*

:[range]ce[nter] [width]				*:ce* *:center*
			Center lines in [range] between [width] columns
			(default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0).
			{not in Vi}
			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
			compile time.

:[range]ri[ght] [width]					*:ri* *:right*
			Right-align lines in [range] at [width] columns
			(default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0).
			{not in Vi}
			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
			compile time.

							*:le* *:left*
:[range]le[ft] [indent]
			Left-align lines in [range].  Sets the indent in the
			lines to [indent] (default 0).  {not in Vi}
			Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
			compile time.

							*gq*
gq{motion}		Format the lines that {motion} moves over.  The
			'textwidth' option controls the length of each
			formatted line (see below).  If the 'textwidth' option
			is 0, the formatted line length is the screen width
			(with a maximum width of 79).  {not in Vi}
			The 'formatoptions' option controls the type of
			formatting |fo-table|.
			NOTE: The "Q" command formerly performed this
			function.  If you still want to use "Q" for
			formatting, use this mapping: >
				:nnoremap Q gq

gqgq							*gqgq* *gqq*
gqq			Format the current line.  {not in Vi}

							*v_gq*
{Visual}gq		Format the highlighted text.  (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

Example: To format the current paragraph use: >
	gqap

The "gq" command leaves the cursor in the line where the motion command takes
the cursor.  This allows you to repeat formatting repeated with ".".  This
works well with "gqj" (format current and next line) and "gq}" (format until
end of paragraph).  Note: When 'formatprg' is set, "gq" leaves the cursor on
the first formatted line (as with using a filter command).

If the 'autoindent' option is on, Vim uses the indent of the first line for
the following lines.

Formatting does not change empty lines (but it does change lines with only
white space!).

The 'joinspaces' option is used when lines are joined together.

You can set the 'formatprg' option to the name of an external program for Vim
to use for text formatting.  The 'textwidth' and other options have no effect
on formatting by an external program.

							*right-justify*
There is no command in Vim to right justify text.  You can do it with
an external command, like "par" (e.g.: "!}par" to format until the end of the
paragraph) or set 'formatprg' to "par".

							*format-comments*
Vim can format comments in a special way.  Vim recognizes a comment by a
specific string at the start of the line (ignoring white space).  Three types
of comments can be used:

- A comment string that repeats at the start of each line.  An example is the
  type of comment used in shell scripts, starting with "#".
- A comment string that occurs only in the first line, not in the following
  lines.  An example is this list with dashes.
- Three-piece comments that have a start string, an end string, and optional
  lines in between.  The strings for the start, middle and end are different.
  An example is the C-style comment:
	/*
	 * this is a C comment
	 */

The 'comments' option is a comma-separated list of parts.  Each part defines a
type of comment string.  A part consists of:
	{flags}:{string}

{string} is the literal text that must appear.

{flags}:
  n	Nested comment.  Nesting with mixed parts is allowed.  If 'comments'
	is "n:),n:>" a line starting with "> ) >" is a comment.

  b	Blank (<Space>, <Tab> or <EOL>) required after {string}.

  f	Only the first line has the comment string.  Do not repeat comment on
	the next line, but preserve indentation (e.g., a bullet-list).

  s	Start of three-piece comment

  m	Middle of a three-piece comment

  e	End of a three-piece comment

  l	Left adjust middle with start or end (default).  Only recognized when
	used together with 's' or 'e'.

  r	Right adjust middle with start or end.  Only recognized when used
	together with 's' or 'e'.

  O	Don't use this one for the "O" command.

  x	Allows three-piece comments to be ended by just typing the last
	character of the end-comment string as the first character on a new
	line, when the middle-comment string has already been inserted
	automatically.  See below for more details.

  {digits}
	When together with 's' or 'e': add extra indent for the middle part.
	This can be used to left-align the middle part with the start or end
	and then add an offset.

  -{digits}
	Like {digits} but reduce the indent.  This only works when there is
	some indent for the start or end part that can be removed.

When a string has none of the 'f', 's', 'm' or 'e' flags, Vim assumes the
comment string repeats at the start of each line.  The flags field may be
empty.

Any blank space in the text before and after the {string} is part of the
{string}, so do not include leading or trailing blanks unless the blanks are a
required part of the comment string.

When one comment leader is part of another, specify the part after the whole.
For example, to include both "-" and "->", use >
	:set comments=f:->,f:-

A three-piece comment must always be given as start,middle,end, with no other
parts in between.  An example of a three-piece comment is >
	sr:/*,mb:*,ex:*/
for C-comments.  To avoid recognizing "*ptr" as a comment, the middle string
includes the 'b' flag.  For three-piece comments, Vim checks the text after
the start and middle strings for the end string.  If Vim finds the end string,
the comment does not continue on the next line.  Three-piece comments must
have a middle string because otherwise Vim can't recognize the middle lines.

Notice the use of the "x" flag in the above three-piece comment definition.
When you hit Return in a C-comment, Vim will insert the middle comment leader
for the new line, e.g. " * ".  To close this comment you just have to type "/"
before typing anything else on the new line.  This will replace the
middle-comment leader with the end-comment leader, leaving just " */".  There
is no need to hit BackSpace first.

Examples: >
   "b:*"	Includes lines starting with "*", but not if the "*" is
		followed by a non-blank.  This avoids a pointer dereference
		like "*str" to be recognized as a comment.
   "n:>"	Includes a line starting with ">", ">>", ">>>", etc.
   "fb:-"	Format a list that starts with "- ".

By default, "b:#" is included.  This means that a line that starts with
"#include" is not recognized as a comment line.  But a line that starts with
"# define" is recognized.  This is a compromise.

Often the alignment can be changed from right alignment to a left alignment
with an additional space.  For example, for Javadoc comments, this can be
used (insert a backslash before the space when using ":set"): >
	s1:/*,mb:*,ex:*/
Note that an offset is included with start, so that the middle part is left
aligned with the start and then an offset of one character added.  This makes
it possible to left align the start and middle for this construction: >
	/**
	 * comment
	 */

{not available when compiled without the |+comments| feature}

							*fo-table*
You can use the 'formatoptions' option  to influence how Vim formats text.
'formatoptions' is a string that can contain any of the letters below.  The
default setting is "tcq".  You can separate the option letters with commas for
readability.

letter	 meaning when present in 'formatoptions'    ~

t	Auto-wrap text using textwidth (does not apply to comments)
c	Auto-wrap comments using textwidth, inserting the current comment
	leader automatically.
r	Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting
	<Enter> in Insert mode.
o	Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting 'o' or
	'O' in Normal mode.
q	Allow formatting of comments with "gq".
	Note that formatting will not change blank lines or lines containing
	only the comment leader.  A new paragraph starts after such a line,
	or when the comment leader changes.
n	When formatting text, recognize numbered lists.  The indent of the
	text after the number is used for the next line.  The number may
	optionally be followed by '.', ':', ')', ']' or '}'.  Note that
	'autoindent' must be set too.
	Example: >
		1. the first item
		   wraps
		2. the second item
2	When formatting text, use the indent of the second line of a paragraph
	for the rest of the paragraph, instead of the indent of the first
	line.  This supports paragraphs in which the first line has a
	different indent than the rest.  Note that 'autoindent' must be set
	too.  Example: >
			first line of a paragraph
		second line of the same paragraph
		third line.
v	Vi-compatible auto-wrapping in insert mode: Only break a line at a
	blank that you have entered during the current insert command.  (Note:
	this is not 100% Vi compatible.  Vi has some "unexpected features" or
	bugs in this area.  It uses the screen column instead of the line
	column.)
b	Like 'v', but only auto-wrap if you enter a blank at or before
	the wrap margin.  If the line was longer than 'textwidth' when you
	started the insert, or you do not enter a blank in the insert before
	reaching 'textwidth', Vim does not perform auto-wrapping.
l	Long lines are not broken in insert mode: When a line was longer than
	'textwidth' when the insert command started, Vim does not
	automatically format it.
m	Also break at a multi-byte character above 255.  This is useful for
	Asian text where every character is a word on its own.
1	Don't break a line after a one-letter word.  It's broken before it
	instead (if possible).


With 't' and 'c' you can specify when Vim performs auto-wrapping:
value	action	~
""	no automatic formatting (you can use "gq" for manual formatting)
"t"	automatic formatting of text, but not comments
"c"	automatic formatting for comments, but not text (good for C code)
"tc"	automatic formatting for text and comments

Note that when 'textwidth' is 0, Vim does no formatting anyway (but does
insert comment leaders according to the 'comments' option).

Note that when 'paste' is on, Vim does no formatting at all.

Note that 'textwidth' can be non-zero even if Vim never performs auto-wrapping;
'textwidth' is still useful for formatting with "gq".

If the 'comments' option includes "/*", "*" and/or "*/", then Vim has some
built in stuff to treat these types of comments a bit more cleverly.
Opening a new line before or after "/*" or "*/" (with 'r' or 'o' present in
'formatoptions') gives the correct start of the line automatically.  The same
happens with formatting and auto-wrapping. Opening a line after a line
starting with "/*" or "*" and containing "*/", will cause no comment leader to
be inserted, and the indent of the new line is taken from the line containing
the start of the comment.
E.g.:
    /* ~
     * Your typical comment. ~
     */ ~
    The indent on this line is the same as the start of the above
    comment.

All of this should be really cool, especially in conjunction with the new
:autocmd command to prepare different settings for different types of file.

Some examples:
  for C code (only format comments): >
	:set fo=croq
< for Mail/news	(format all, don't start comment with "o" command): >
	:set fo=tcrq
<
 vim:tw=78:
